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Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh or All Men Are Brothers or The Marshes of Mount Liang (traditional Chinese: 水滸傳; simplified Chinese: 水浒传; pinyin: Shuǐhǔ Zhuàn) is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Attributed to Shi Naian, whom some believe to be Luo Guanzhong, the novel details the trials and tribulations of 108 outlaws during the mid Song Dynasty.
Based upon the historical bandit Song Jiang and his 107 companions. The group was active in the Huai River region and eventually surrendered to government troops in 1121. They are recorded in the Song Shi (Chinese: 宋史 - "History of the Song Dynasty) (1345), the name of Song Jiang appearing in the chapter of Emperor Huizong, the activities of the gang in the chapter for Zhang Shuye (Chinese: 張叔夜). Folk stories about Song Jiang circulated during the Southern Song. The first text to name Song Jiang's thirty-six companions was the 13th century Guixin Zashi (Chinese: 癸辛雜識 - "Miscellaneous Observations from the Year Guixin") by Zhou Mi (Chinese: 周密) (1232 - 1298). Among the thirty-six are Lu Junyi, Guan Sheng, Ruan Xiaoer, Ruan Xiaowu, Ruan Xiaoqi, Liu Tang, Hua Rong and Wu Yong. Some of the characters to later become associated with Song Jiang also appeared around this time. They include Sun Li, Yang Zhi, Lin Chong, Lu Zhishen and Wu Song.
Lu Zhishen is nicknamed the "Flowery Monk" (花和尚), or Sagacious Lu (the name his abbot gave him) is a major fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. He is the lead in the first major story cycle of novel, in which he comes to epitomize loyalty, strength, justice but also rash action. One folktale represents him as a sworn brother of Zhou Tong, the archery teacher of Gen. Yue Fei
Lu Zhishen's original name was Lu Da, a native of Guanxi. He was born with a round face and big ears, a straight nose and squarish mouth, with a face overshadowed by his beard. He also stood at 8 feet, with a wide waist. Originally, he served as a constable in Weizhou. However, he heard about a butcher nicknamed 'Lord of the West', who bullied the poor and weak singer Jin Cuilian. Thus, in a fit of anger, Lu Da killed the butcher with just 3 punches. To avoid arrest by the authorities, Lu Da resigned and fled to Wutai Mountain where he became a monk. He was given the name Zhishen.
However, Lu Zhishen did not follow the Buddhist code, ate meat and drank wine. Once, he caused an uproar in the temple, by beating up the monks and damaging the temple. He earned himself the nickname 'Flowery Monk'. Also, Lu Zhishen wielded a 31 kg Buddhist staff and carried a 40.5 kg dagger. The abbot could no longer tolerate Zhishen's actions and behavior, thus Zhishen was banished from the temple and sent to a faraway temple in Dongjing.
On his journey, Lu Zhishen managed to persuade the 'Little Tyrant' Zhou Tong not to force Liu Taigong's daughter to marry him. Also, he allied himself with Shi Jin and killed the evil bandits Cui Daocheng and Qiu Xiaoyi. Upon reaching his destination, Lu was put in charge of taking care of the garden in the temple. Lu subdued the band of hooligans, who offered to let him be their leader. Out of drunkenness, he uprooted a willow tree with his bare arms, an action for which he became famous. While wielding his staff one day he impressed a general named Lin Chong, and they became sworn brothers. Later, Lin Chong was framed and exiled to Cangzhou. Lu Zhishen followed Lin Chong quietly and protected him from the guards who were about to kill Lin Chong on the way.
Later, Lu Zhishen passed by Shizibo and became fast friends with Sun Erniang and Zhang Qing. He went to Erlong Mountain to seek refuge under Deng Long, but was refused. Lu Zhishen, Yang Zhi and Cao Zheng killed Deng Long and took control of the stronghold. Later, when Huyan Zhuo attacked Taohua Mountain, Lu Zhishen and the Liangshan heroes conquered Qingzhou and Lu followed the heroes to Liangshan Mountain.
Lu Zhishen went to Huazhou to invite Shi Jin to join the Liangshan heroes but was arrested together with Shi Jin and held captive in Prefect He's residence. Wu Yong devised a strategy and rescued both of them. Lu Zhishen eventually became one of the leaders of the Liangshan infantry and 36 Heavenly Chieftains. He followed the Liangshan heroes on their campaigns against the Liao Tartars and the southern rebels such as Fang La. Lu saved Wu Song's life when the latter's arm was sliced off by Bao Daoyi. In the end, Lu Zhishen left the band and went to live a reclusive life in a temple in Hangzhou.
In the end, Lu Zhishen concluded the prophecy that was given to him by fasting letting his body deteriorate. This in a sense redeems Lu as an actual monk, who at last, gave up everything and knowingly faced his death by ending his life as a monk.
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Japanese woodblock representation of Lu Zhishen;
it shows the story of him pulling out a Willow Tree
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